b'FLUXES The European Greenhouse Gas BulletinCO2 observations at 39 ICOS stations and global averageSource: ICOS Carbon PortalAtmospheric CO2 concentrationsThe graph shows the compiled are inexorably increasing results from 39 stations in the ICOS Atmosphere measurement network. Latest ICOS data displays an annual growth rate of 2.7 ppm CO2 in theAll the stations show the global atmosphere during the year 2023. Most of this increase is due to fossil fueltrend of a 2-2.5 ppm increase in CO2 per year, in addition to the seasonal emissions which were still not reduced.changes. This increase results from The ICOS network of systematic observations and near-real-timecontinued fossil fuel emissions.monitoring of greenhouse gases gives information on fossil fuel emissions.The dark purple area in the graph It also reveals how the natural carbon cycle responds to extremes andshows typical CO2 concentrations for Europe from about half of the ICOS explains the slight increase in 2023 compared to previous years. Thestations each month. climate phenomenon El Nio influenced the natural carbon fluxes.The lighter purple areas include the Consequently, more of the CO2 from fossil fuel emissions remained in theremaining stations, of which 25% are atmosphere and the atmospheric growth rate increased. above the dark purple range, and 25% are below.Two of the measurement stations, Izaa and Cabauw, are located in environments representing two extremes and, therefore, showing bigger variations in emission patterns. Latest ICOS data displays an annualThe mountain station Izaa in Tenerife, Canary Islands, is representative of growth rate of 2.7 ppm CO2 last year,so-called background conditions, far from human-induced emissions. In contrast, the Cabauw station is showing that fossil fuel emissionslocated in between the triangle of the major cities of Rotterdam, Utrecht were still not reduced during 2023. and Amsterdam in the Netherlands.'